![]() The diversity of hMOS is large, with 247 varieties observed and 162 hMOS structurally characterized. (1−6) One of the major components, human milk oligosaccharides (hMOS), constitutes a relatively large part of the carbohydrates present in mother’s milk (5–20 g/L), (3,7) representing up to 20% of the total carbohydrate content. The composition of human milk is very different from that of domesticated dairy animals ( Figure 1). In conclusion, goat milk constitutes a promising alternative source for milk oligosaccharides, which can be used in infant formula. Although functional studies of gMOS are still limited, several structures are also found in human milk and have known functions as immune modulators and pathogen inhibitors. Goat MOS also display prebiotic potential, particularly in stimulating growth of bifidobacteria preferentially. Some studies have shown anti-inflammatory effects of mixtures enriched in gMOS. ![]() ![]() Finally, the review focuses on demonstrated and potential functionalities of gMOS. These levels are clearly lower than in human milk (5–20 g/L) but higher than in other domesticated dairy animals, e.g., bovine (30–60 mg/L) and sheep (20–40 mg/L). Quantitative studies of goat milk oligosaccharides range from 60 to 350 mg/L in mature milk and from 200 to 650 mg/L in colostrum. This review summarizes structural studies, revealing a diversity of up to 77 annotated gMOS structures with almost 40 structures fully characterized. Goat milk contains significantly more oligosaccharides (gMOS) than bovine (bMOS) or sheep (sMOS) milk and also has a larger diversity of structures. Milk from domesticated animals also contains milk oligosaccharides but at much lower levels and with less diversity. Infant formulas nowadays often contain prebiotics but lack the specific functions of human milk oligosaccharides (hMOS). These oligosaccharides function as prebiotics, immune modulators, and pathogen inhibitors and were found to improve barrier function in the gut. Free oligosaccharides in human milk provide important health benefits. ![]() Human milk is considered the golden standard in infant nutrition. ![]()
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